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Slang, youth subcultures and rock music (English WinWord) - (диплом)p>Music genre that originated in London in 1976 when confrontational noisemakers Throbbing Gristle founded the Industrial Records label. Disappointed that punk rock had joined the rock 'n' roll tradition instead of destroying it, British and American fellow travelers like Leather Nun, Monte Cazzazza, and Cabaret Voltaire aligned themselves with Industrial Records, creating a broad church for (usually rhythmic) experiments with noise collage, found sounds, and extreme lyrical themes. Believing that punk's revolution could be realized only by severing its roots in traditional rock, industrial bands deployed noise, electronics, hypnotic machine rhythms, and tape loops. Instead of rallying youth behind political slogans, industrial artists preferred to "decondition" the individual listener by confronting taboos. Key literary influences were J. G. Ballard's anatomies of aberrant sexuality and the paranoid visions and "cut-up" collage techniques of William S. Burroughs. The industrial subculture (touching on transgressive fiction (Contemporary fiction-writing trend that prowls the psycho-narco-sexual frontiers and "dysfunctional" relationships of the Marquis de Sade, William Burroughs, and serial killers. ), S/M (sadism and masochism), and piercing) spread worldwide.HARDCORE Main Entry: hard core Function: noun Date: 1936 1 : a central or fundamental and usually enduring group or part: as a : a relatively small enduring core of society marked by apparent resistance to change or inability to escape a persistent wretched condition (as poverty or chronic unemployment) b : a militant or fiercely loyal faction 2 usually hard·core /-"kOr, -"kor/ chiefly British : hard material in pieces (as broken bricks or stone) used as a bottom (as in making roads and in foundations) Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Following the “death” of punk in the late 1970’s was a hard and heavy form of punk known as Hardcore. Hardcore is faster, louder, and heavier than the punk of the 1970’s, and it gained much popularity over the early and mid 1980’s. Typically the vocals are screamed and unintelligible, though they frequently give voice to strong political sentiments, the bass is played with a pick and is clear and tonal while the guitar forms a dynamic, often atonal, texture of sound. rock and roll radio. Bands such as Black Flag, D. O. A. , Circle Jerks, Fear, Bad Brains, The Meatmen, Agent Orange and Minor Threat were the major influences in Hardcore, and the idea of slam dancing was born in the tradition of punks “pogo dancing”. This slam dancing, or moshing, was done in a mosh pit and was accompanied by the occasional stage diving or crowd surfing. The main message of Hardcore was “DIY”, or Do It Yourself. The DIY movement was purely in the tradition of punk; punk was a form of music that almost anyone could play, it usually involved only 3-chords and a band could be put together cheaply. It was a not-so-expensive way for youth to put out their message. The DIY style of Hardcore gave way to other subcultures of punk, one in particular is known as sXe, or Straight Edge. Most of the sXe credit is given to the band Minor Threat after they released their song “Straight Edge”. The song was an outcry against the effects of drugs, and fans of Minor Threat started to quit using non-pharmaceutical drugs like nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana. These Straight Edgers felt that using drugs was a sign of weakness, and they still dressed as normal punks did, but wore anti drug messages on their shirts. The symbol of Straight Edgers is a large X, originally a symbol that clubs would mark on hands if the person was not old enough to (legally) drink. Eventually Straight Edgers started to put the marks on by themselves, even if they were over 21, to signify that they were living drug-free. Other movements that found their way into the Hardcore DIY scene were Green Peace, the Vegan Movement, concerts raising money for the homeless, and the Hare Krishnas, as well as other religious groups. 2 : rock music incorporating elements of punk rock and heavy metal; also : the untidy working-class fashions typical of fans of grunge. Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Grunge, rock music style of the early 1990s, characterized by a thick, abrasive, distorted guitar sound. Grunge evolved from punk in the Seattle, Washington, area and came to prominence with the chart success of the band Nirvana in 1991. Grunge is said to have originated as marriage between Seattle's hesher and punk scenes. Characteristic of most of these bands is punk rock drums and vocals, hesher hair and guitar, and working-class clothing that is rarely washed. Lyrics frequently confront such uncomfortable subjects as unpopularity, alienation from divorced parents, disease, the hypocrisy and allure of religion, heroin, and raw lust. Grunge may or may not be a useful term to describe a segment of youth delinquency, but with historical perspective, it is best used to describe a record company phenomenon. Grunge was a revolution, the revolution where punk rock was decisively injected into mainstream rock and roll. Numerous culture makers embarrassed themselves in the rush to exploit the most vital white youth culture in years. Grunge "fashion"--the perennial flannel shirt/combat boots/ripped jeans uniform of suburban burnouts everywhere--was suddenly used as an exotic novelty by designers. 2 : offering or expressing a choice 3 : different from the usual or conventional: as a : existing or functioning outside the established cultural, social, or economic system b : of, or relating to, or being rock music that is regarded as an alternative to conventional rock and is typically influenced by punk rock, hard rock, hip-hop, or folk music - al·ter·na·tive·ly adverb Nineties term for counterculture, often of a non-oppositional nature. Current use of "alternative" in the music and youth-culture world originated in the late '70s and early '80s, when it described the strain of post-punk music cultivated by a growing, informal network of college radio stations. The word "alternative" already had a meaning related to culture: commonly associated with the independent, oppositional press of the late hippie era, this counterculture label also came to denote any lifestyle outside the mainstream. As college-rock favorites like R. E. M. and U2 became chart and stadium fixtures in the second half of the '80s, successive waves of newer, rawer bands inherited the "alternative" mantle. However, Nirvana's meteoric rise to the top of the charts in 1991-92 disrupted the ecosystem: suddenly alternative was a musical category as lucrative as hip-hop or metal, as were its country-associated fashions. Record companies, radio, and MTV embraced the "new" form, the Lollapalooza tours enshrined it, and marketers used it as youth bait to sell everything from cars to soft drinks to movies. For those who wrangled with the question "what is alternative? " there was no satisfactory answer-the term was now in the public domain, and dissent from the mainstream was rewarded within a fragmenting mass culture. Alternative - at obvious variance with the mainstream, especially regarding music, lifestyle and clothing. Clothing and the extent of facial piercings are usually the most apparent manifestations of underlying alternative sentiments. But like every other term that may have once had meaning, the term "alternative" has been co-opted by mainstream commercial culture. It isn't easy to maintain a rebellion when you find yourself winning every battle. As the name for a musical genrй, alternative is reserved for a type of college radio pop that typically breaks free of such rock and roll rules as the major/blues scales, the 4/4 rhythm, hi fidelity, and the need for rhyming lyrics. There is, however, plenty of "alternative" that is hard to distinguish from classic rock. These days much of the new rock and roll that mainstream rock stations play is stuff that would have been considered alternative only a year or two before. : energetic and highly amplified electronic rock music having a hard beat Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary HEAVY METAL - a typically 80's style of music that features most of the characteristics of classic rock but with louder, more distorted guitars, ominous and driving rhythm, and screaming vocals about subjects such as drug use, war, religion, and problems with girlfriends. Most heavy metal bands also write sappy love ballads that find their way into mainstream radio play lists. Heavy metal emerged in the late 60s mostly from bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Such bands tended to be "hard" in that they succeeded in torturing parents in ways that the Beatles just couldn't, but in most respects they were very different from one another. Later, bands like Judas Priest and Iron Maiden added to the genre as it expanded into and borrowed from pop. This culminated in the late 80s diversification of heavy metal into several completely different branches. There were the blues-based big haired glam metal bands such as Great White and Motley Crew that sang exclusively about babes, there were the attitude bands like Guns 'n' Roses who also sang about babes (with an emphasis on how easy they are to get into bed), there were the dark and mysterious alternative metal bands like Nirvana and Soundgarden that avoided glamour and sang about angst and other water sign issues, there were the bands like Living Colour, Fishbone and Faith No More that were either black or borrowed from rap and soul culture, and there were the fast bands like Slayer and Metallica that sent many a parent in search of an exorcist. Although the origin of the term heavy metal is widely attributed to novelist William Burroughs, its use actually dates well back into the 19th century, when it referred to cannon or to power more generally. It also has been used to classify certain elements or compounds, as in the phrase heavy metal poisoning. Heavy metal appeared in the lyrics of Steppenwolf's "Born to be Wild" (1968), and by the early 1970s rock critics were using it to refer to a specific style of music. Heavy metal has historically required one thing of its performers: long hair. Heavy metal musicians and fans came under severe criticism in the 1980s. Political and academic groups sprang up to blame the genre and its fans for causing everything from crime and violence to despondency and suicide. But defenders of the music pointed out that there was no evidence that heavy metal's exploration of madness and horror caused, rather than articulated, these social ills. The genre's lyrics and imagery have long addressed a wide range of topics, and its music has always been more varied and virtuosic than critics like to admit. Heavy metal fragmented into subgenres (such as lite metal, death metal, and even Christian metal) in the 1980s. SPEED METAL - a genrй of music typified by a continuous double-bass drum roll, high-speed distorted guitar rhythms, an almost silent bass, and screeched or groaned vocals concerning war, death, fighting, environmental abuse, brutality, and (in rare cases) lust. The main problem with most speed metal bands is that they still see a need to put guitar solos in their songs, and the guitar solos are always really bad and last entirely too long. Speed metal seems to be a result of a marriage between punk rock and heavy metal... Examples of speed metal bands: Kreator, Exodus, Nuclear Assault, Megadeth, Prong, Pantera THRASH METAL - speed metal with an especially strong punk influence. While in general speed metal musicians pride themselves on their talent and knowledge of music theory, thrash musicians laugh at such concepts or else skillfully conceal their acquaintance with them. Examples of thrash bands: DRI, Tool, some Suicidal Tendencies, and even some Black Flag. acid (n) LSD, a narcotic drug popular among hippies. see psychedelic, bad trip. afro (n) haircut popular among African-americans during 1960's and '70's. aquarian (adj. ) we're not sure exactly what this means, but it has something to do with the "Age of Aquarius" and the musical Hair. bad scene (n) a bad situation. see scene. bad trip (n) originally described a bad experience using drugs, characterized by frightening hallucinations. Can be used to describe any bad experience. bag (n) one's main interest or purpose in life. black light (n) a decorative light, dark blue in color to the human eye, which makes objects or artwork in flourescent colors appear to glow. blow your mind (v) to have an enlightening or illuminating experience. bread (n) money. cat (n) a person. derived from beatnik language of the 1950's. chick (n) a girl or woman. commune (n) an community of people who share possessions, living accomodations, and work (or lack thereof). Usually encompasses a farm and other fashionable industries. crash (v) to sleep, rest, or do nothing. crash pad (n) a place where one sleeps, rests, or does nothing. dig (v) like, enjoy, be interested in. establishment, the (n) traditional business and government institutions, believed to stand in the way of human progress. see "system, the. " far out (adj) very interesting, good. Also an exclamation. hang out (v) to be some place, usually doing nothing, with no purpose. hang-up (n) inhibition, usually due to morals, beliefs, or culture. happening (adj) exciting, new, good. hippie (n) [still searching for a definition here]. hip (adj) knowledgable of, or consistent with, the latest trends and ideas. Iron Butterfly (n) a rock band which had one popular song, "Inna Gadda Da Vida. " lava lamp (n) a cylindrical glass container filled a semi-solid viscous material which breaks apart and forms globules while floating in a clear fluid. like (? ) word used to fill up space in an utterance when the speaker is unable to think of a suitable adjective to describe something. Use of this word has also been adopted by adjective-challenged subcultures of more recent generations. love beads (n) colorful beads worn around the neck to symbolize love. man (interjection) used as an exclamation to draw attention to one's utterance. related phrase: "hey, man. " mood ring (n) a ring worn on the finger which contains a large stone, the color of which is supposed to indicate the wearer's emotional mood. Mood rings were a fad in the mid-1970's. oh wow (interjection) exclamation uttered in response to new, thought-provoking, or exciting information. out of sight (adj) excellent, outstanding. Often used as an exclamation. pad (n) living accomodation--house or apartment. psychedelic (adj) of or related to a mental state characterized by a profound sense of intensified sensory perception, sometimes accompanied by severe perceptual distortion, hallucinations, or extreme feelings of euphoria or despair. see acid. rap (v, n) to talk, conversation. More recently used to name a category of music where words are spoken, rather than sung. San Francisco (n) worldwide center of hippie activity and general weirdness. scene (n) place, situation, or circumstances. square (adj) old-fashioned, not aware of new thinking and customs. (n) one who is square. system, the (n) the system of laws, governance, and justice. see "establishment, the". tie dye (v) a method of coloring clothing where the article of clothing is tied in knots, then dying it to produce an abstract pattern. (n) an article of clothing dyed in this manner. trip (n) an unusual experience. (v) to have an unusual experience. turn on (v) to become enlightened to new ways of thinking or experiencing reality. uptight (adj) concerned about maintaining set ways of thinking and doing things. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 a popular style of ice cream, usually ordered with a 'flake' abso-bloody-lutely a more definite form of 'absolutely' afters dessert artic an articulated lorry; a bick truck Aussie an Australian bag an unattractive or elderly woman balderdash rubbish; nonsense bill, the police, sometimes called "the old bill" binge a drinking bout black sheep of the family a relative who gets into trouble with the police bovver boot a heavy boot, possibly with a toe cap and laces quite often worn by skinheads brass monkey weather cold, taken from the phrase, "it's cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey" brill ! short form of brilliant, meaning fantastic brolly an umbrella cloth-ears a person with a poor sense of hearing cobblers testicles; rubbish cock and bull a story with very little truth in it cock up to ruin something conkers a childrens game played with horse chestnuts copper police man/woman crackling a woman who is regarded as a sexual object crate an old name for a very old plane create to make a fuss or an angry scene crown jewels male genitalia dark horse somebody who suprises others by their actions des res Estate agents use this to describe a "desirable residence" do a runner to leave quickly avoiding punishment doddle easy jerry builder a builder of unsubstantial houses Jock a scottish person Liverpudlian a native of Liverpool (also see Scouser) lorry a truck mom`s the word it's a secret between you and me can be abbreviated to "Keep mom ! " mucky pup someone who has soiled themselves e. g. "You mucky pup ! " one in the oven pregnant, also "a bun in the oven", "up the plum duff" and "in the pudding club" pools, the a weekly betting game based on the outcome of soccer matches; run by Vernons and put the anchors on to apply the brakes; to slow down put the boot in to beat somebody up same to you with brass usually said in response to a derogatory knobs on ! ! remark Scouser a native of Liverpool (see also Liverpudlian) scrap a fight sod derogatory remark, derived from sodomy soldiers bread cut into thin strips for dipping into a boiled egg so stick that in your usually said after a derogatory remark pipe and smoke it ! spam a rather tasteless form of tinned meat spanner a wrench "Time gentlemen please ! " Usually said as the pub is closing, so as to request that the patrons wanker infers that the subject masturbates weed a weak person welly wanging the art of throwing wellington boots white elephant a valuable, but useless article Charlie Gillett, The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 2nd ed. , newly illustrated and expanded (1996), Chapman, Robert L. American Slang. HarperPerennial, 1987. Abridged edition of the New Dictionary of American Slang (Harper, 1986). The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Third Edition Copyright © 1994, Columbia University Press. Dictionary of contemporary slang - Tony Thorne. The Encarta World English Dictionary, published by St. Martin's Press. 1999 Flexner, Stuart Berg, and Anne H. Soukhanov. Speaking Freely: A Guided Tour of American English from Plymouth Rock to Silicon Valley. Oxford University Press, 1997. Greil Marcus, Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century (1989), Jon Savage, England's Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock (1991) Lighter, Jonathan E. ; J. Ball; and J. O'Connor, eds. Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang. Random House, 1994 . Mark Hale, HeadBangers: The Worldwide Megabook of Heavy Metal Bands (1993) Mark Slobin, Subcultural Sounds: Micromusics of the West (1993) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition © 1985, Britannica Corporation The Oxford dictionary of modern slang - John Ayto / John Simpson. Published by Oxford University Press. 1992. Partridge, Eric. Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Macmillan, 1985. A classic, with 7, 500 entries; first published in 1937. Peter van der Merwe, Origins of the Popular Style (1989, reissued 1992), Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, © 1996, 1998 MICRA, Inc Wentworth, Harold and Flexner, Stuart Berg. Dictionary of American Slang. Crowell, 2d ed. , 1975. А. Кокарев “Панк-рок от А до Я”, Москва, “Музыка”, 1992 |
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