Правовые аспекты регулирования гражданско-правового договора в контексте вступления в ВТО (english) - (диплом)

Then the additional agreements and appendices connected to special requests of specific sphere and follow particular questions .

In the conclusion, there are detailed and long time-tables obligations taken by separate countries and allowing specific foreign production or the suppliers of services to receive access to their markets. In the relation GATT, they accept, as a whole, form of the limiting obligations under the tariffs for the goods, both combinations of the tariffs and quotas concerning some agricultural goods. In frameworks of GATS the obligations provide up to what degree to the foreign suppliers of services it is allowed to receive access in particular spheres, and they include the list of kinds of services, where the separate countries do not provide application non discrimination of principles of preferring in trade .

So "additional" agreements agrees GATT are connected with: agriculture; by textiles and clothes; by the standards of production; by investment measures; antidumping measures; by methods of customs valuation; shipping inspection; by the rules of an origin; by import licensing; by the grants and counter measures; by protective measures.

The "additional" agreements GATS on the following aspects: movement of the natural persons; an air transport; financial services; shipment; telecommunications.

The following two other groups of the agreements, also represent importance: 1) agreements on the review of trade policies; 2) four "plurateral" agreements. Thus, we see, that the process of internationalization of economic life, development of the integration processes, influence of technical progress render essential development on legal regulation as a whole and on the civil-law agreement, contract in particularly. An other words, the norms of the international agreement as a result of transformation, become norms of the internal right. The transformation is carried out by acceptance of the internal law or other normative act. There are transformations of these norms save an independent rule in internal legal system of each state - participant of the international agreement. The independent character of these norms is stipulated first of all by that they express will not one states, and all states - parties to an agreement and that as a rule, purpose of creation of these norms - to adjust specific property and other relations with an international element and civil-law -relations in particular. From the given property of norms, from the fact of their isolation follows that, first, the norms are impossible arbitrary, without the consent of other states - participants to change and, secondly, the interpretation them should be carried out also uniformly. Just the systemic the interdependence countries - participants of WTO distinguishes the agreements accepted within the framework of this organization. For example, never was, right, based on norms, of the limiting agreement, which establishes the purposes on decrease of the tariffs (on how many of percents they should be reduced). At the end of a Uruguayan round separate of country have granted the lists of the obligations in the time-tables, appendix to Marrakesh protocol to the General agreement on the tariffs and trade 1994 ". It is based on norms of the right limiting agreement for decrease of tariffs.

The access to the markets agriculture products is adjusted today only by "tariff" mode. The tariff measures were replaced by the tariffs, which provide in a sufficient degree equivalent levels of protection. On occasion special protective measures which are not extending on import on these tariff quotas can be applied to partial indemnification of strong decrease of import prices or sharp increase of volume of import.

Thus, the agreements WTO cover main lines of business of the states and the legal mechanism of these agreements and procedure is systematized. But these agreements carry. Branch character, - Regulating trade turnover or the turn-over of services, just within the framework of these spheres is described the legal mechanism. But in the issue realization of economic activity, will come across on the general, Interbranch barriers, such as tariff barriers formality, bureaucracy and etc. It is also serious threat for the parties which have concluded the agreement, therefore as these barriers are a serious problem at all stages of the agreement, but especially in a stage of its fulfillment. And for this reason the number of the agreements is connected to various technical, bureaucratic or legal questions, which can interfere trade (in a case with the agreements GATT in frameworks of sanitary norms about the agreements till agricultural products). So, it is the following questions: Technical rules and standards; import licensing; rules by customs valuation of the goods; shipping inspection; the further checks of import; rules of an origin; investment measures.

" The Agreement on technical barriers in trade " tries to ensure, that the rules, standards, procedure on certification did not create unnecessary obstacles. Technical rules and the industrial standards represent importance and availability of very large number of the standards complicate activity of the manufacturers and exporters. And if the standards are established arbitrary, they can be an occasion for protectionism. This agreement WTO is updating of the code, the negotiations on which passed on a Tokyo round 1973 1979. In it any methods are not encouraged which could give domestic production the unfairly given advantage. In the agreement the recognition by countries of procedures one another is encouraged.

In " the Agreement on procedures of import licensing " it is marked, that the import licensing should be simple, transparently and predictable. For example, in the agreement it is required from governments to publish enough of the information that the dealers knew how and why the license is graviton. Some the licenses are graviton automatically, for want of conformity to the certain requests. In the Agreement the criteria for automatic licensing are established that the used procedures did not limit trade. The other at first demand the attentive study, and then granting, but in the agreement in particular it is marked, that the procedure of licensing by agency should not exceed 30 days for work with the application and 60 days, when all applications are considered in one time. This agreement is updating of the code of a Tokyo round in 1973 1979.

The inspection is a practice of hiring of the specialized private companies (or "of the independent persons") for check of a detail of shipment, in main, price, volume and quality of the ordered abroad goods. In the agreement is recognized that the principles and obligations GATT are applied to activity of the convenes by governments of agencies on shipping inspection. The obligations taken per by governments, using of inspection, include not discrimination, protection of the confidential commercial information, avoidance of unreasonable delay, use of the special instructions for realization of price inspection and avoidance of the conflict of interests by inspection agencies. In the agreement the independent procedure of the review is established. It is adjusted in common of organizations representing inspection agencies, and organization representing the exporters.

The rules of an origin are criterion, are used for determination of a place of production of production. They are a component of the trade rules, because the number of policies, carries out discrimination among exporting countries by the quotas, reduced rates, antidumping measures, countervailing duties and etc. The first agreement on the given question demands to the members WTO the maintenance that their rules of an origin should be transparently without destructive influence on international trade. On a long-term basis, agreement is directed on maintenance general ("harmonized") rules of an origin among all members WTO.

The agreement on trade and aspects of investment measures TRIMS - is applied only to measures touching trade in commodities. It is recognized that the certain measures can limit and to interfere with trade, and, that any member cannot apply discrimination of a measure concerning the foreign persons and foreign goods. The investment measures presenting to restriction of volumes also are forbidden. According to the agreement of country should inform WTO and members on all investment measures which are not appropriate to the agreement. The restrictive tariffs and their application on equal terms to all trade partners are key for equal current of trade in commodities. The agreements WTO are based to the certain principles, but they also allow withdrawals in the certain cases. Three following of a question in this connection are very important:

    - Actions undertaken against dumping;

- Grant and special "compensatory" duties for indemnification; - Urgent measures for temporary restriction of import, for "protection" of the domestic manufacturers.

If the company exports production to the price below, than price, on which it usually sells given production in the domestic market, it refers to as "dumping" of production. And in this connection many countries undertake actions for protection of the domestic industry. The agreement WTO does not accept the decision on this problem. The focus of the given agreement is directed not, how the governments can or cannot react to dumping, and on ordering antidumping measures. This agreement refers to as the Agreement on antidumping, or the Agreement on application of Article of VI General agreements under the tariffs and trade 1994 . In frameworks GATT it is allowed to countries to undertake measures directed against dumping. The agreement on antidumping specifies and expands an article 6. Both these documents act together. There are many various methods of account that, whether the particular goods on hardly undercharges whether or not is exported. It contains three methods of account " of usual cost " of the goods, which main of is based to cost of the given goods in the domestic market of the exporter. For want of impossibility of use of this method, are present 2 alternative: 1) the price, established by the exporter, in other country; or 2) accounts based on the sum of the industrial costs of the goods, other costs and usual mark of the profit of the exporter. In the agreement also is defined(determined), how the correct comparison between an export price and is made that is the usual price. Antidumping a measure can be applied only in case of causing by dumping of damage of an industry of imported country. In the agreement it is marked, that the countries - member should proper and in detail inform the comity on antidumping to practice on all preliminary and final antidumping measures. " The Agreement on the grants and compensatory measures " carries out two problems: 1) orders application of the grants, and 2) adjusts measures, for struggle with consequences of these grants. The agreement defines three categories of the grants: forbidden; giving the basis for suit; not giving such basis. The latter is applied to agricultural and manufactured goods, except for cases, when the grants correspond to the Agreement on an agriculture. For countries with transitive economy, the forbidden grants should gradually up to a 2002 be eliminated.

" The Agreement on protective measures ". The member WTO can temporarily limit import of the goods (to apply " protective " measures), if the damage is caused to its domestic industry or there is a threat of damage in connection with inflow of import and in this case, the damage should be significant. The inflow of the import goods justifying protective measures, can be real increase in volume of import (absolute increase); or it can be increase of a share of import on limiting markets, even if its volume has not increased (relative increase). The committee WTO on protective measures observes of action of the present agreement and answers behind observance by the members of the obligations. The governments should report on each phase of investigation, on protective measures, and on the appropriate acceptance of the decisions, and the committee should consider these reports.

So, proceeding from all variety and spectrum of the trade and economic relations of countries of WTO, served by the agreements WTO, it is possible to speak about complete realization of these principles and accounts in the agreements of civil-law character between the subjects of countries - of organization, and between countries in particular. The realization of principles, figures, accounts in the agreements, contracts, is guaranteed by a lot of branch associations, organizations and agreements (as the forms of organization) in frameworks WTO. But it is necessary to note deeply conceptual form of acceptance of the decisions within the framework of this organization. Naturally, the norms are impossible arbitrary, without the consent of other states - participants to change, and the interpretation them should be carried out also uniformly, the interpretation of norms of the international agreements is carried out by other criteria, than interpretation of the internal laws. The concepts, used in the agreement, can not coincide with concepts, terms of the internal legislation. And in these cases it is necessary to take into account practice and purposes of the agreement. Mufti-purpose character of the agreements WTO, together with a bilateral or multilateral method of acceptance of the decisions, gives variants of choice of a mode in the terms and conditions of contract.

    IV

The review of the civil-law legislation, agreements in the Republic of Uzbekistan in the context of the introduction in the World Trade Organization.

The evolution of the agreements in frameworks of GATT has received a new coil with a Uruguayan round of negotiations. It will be unfair to speak, that literally all agreements of GATT were reconsidered. They have continued the existence as norms of new multilateral trade system.

The real prospect of the introduction in WTO, puts quite real problems in the long term. The character of the future work within the framework of the Agreement WTO will depend on the degree of conformity, standarting of norms of the internal legislation with the standard of conformity of the ordinary country WTO, since the questions arising during interaction of countries in WTO, at the first stage of country find out directly one another. As it is visible from above-stated, branch agreements of WTO, contain quite specific parameters, expressed in numbers. So, for example, the agreement on textiles comprises percentage, used to trade volumes of textiles and clothes, as there is a time-table on liberalization of textiles. And for example agreement on an agriculture, being constant apple of discord, because of the insolvency of functioning without the constant patronage of the state, has lifted a question of branch regulation, leaving in the long term for a framework, - about restrictive tariff measures, such as the import quotas and grants. But actually essence that the country, joined to the agreement of WTO, automatically accepts all designated standards of the agreement. As far as the national legislative base for adequate perception of these norms is prepared, as far as those or other institutes - here a main question are advanced. And as, one of major limits, which puts before itself WTO is a practical decrease to "zero" of the rates of the customs duties on import of the goods and establishment on them of limits, that, behaviour of country - seemed becomes perfect predictable is a following to these standards.

But, such country as Uzbekistan - with transitive economy cannot afford it now by virtue of objective social-economic circumstances. So for example, the realization of the Agreement of the Uruguayan round on an agriculture goes under the schedule six years for the advanced countries and ten years - for developing countries and countries with transitive economy. The development of norms of the internal legislation is represented originally in this connection which define to some extent conditions and limits of the civil - legal agreement. So, alongside with the decree of the Cabinet of the Ministers 534 from 3. 12. 97. " About measures on realization of an independent expert appraisal of the contracts of shipping inspection of the imported goods ", called to ensure unbiased inspection - this norm corresponds to aim of the agreement on the shipping inspection, where is spoken, that the obligations taken by governments, using shipping inspections, include not discrimination, protection of the confidential commercial information, avoidance of unreasonable delay, use of the special instructions for realization of price inspection and avoidance of the conflict of interests by inspection agencies. On the other hand - quite tangible sphere of state interests, and in the next case this strengthening of protection of the rights of the consumers and maintenance of the guaranteed receipt of the incomes in the budget. So, the other decree of the Cabinet of the Ministers decides these problems " About the additional measures on strengthening of state monopoly on production both turn-over of alcoholic production and increase of receipts in the budget from realization of alcoholic and tobacco production on territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan " - so, owing to struggle with penetration of substandard and forged production, the excise on delivered production was increased on 90%. And key situations of the Agreement on sanitary norms of WTO asserts, that the sanitary restrictions, which are not required on reasons of health, and can be very effective instrument of protectionism. For determination of danger the agreement on sanitary norms refers to the international standards, result of such sending will be indispensable process of harmonization of national norms. Situations of a problem of interaction of norms of the national legislation and establishments of WTO is not new. Recently it accepts more and more unusual forms. In particular, Mexico in a 1991 has submitted the complaint on USA about restriction of its export of tuna in USA.

The case is that tuna hunting was accompanied by hit in fishing networks dolphins. And in the act of the USA about protection marine animas the standards of American internal fishing fleet and for countries are established, whose fishing boats catch of tuna. If the country exporting tuna in the USA, cannot provoke to authorities of USA, that it has sustained the standards on protection dolphins, established in the legislation of USA, the government of the USA should establish embargo on all import of this fish from one country. So the norm in the end called to protect an environment, has become determining the terms and conditions of contract not only at itself at home, but also in foreign trade. The question whether is this act the act of protectionism or act of protection of an environment eventually will come across quite particular (quite specific) and real withdrawals, which exist in any national legislation of any country [9 G. Lusk “ Civil Law of USA ”. Moscow. 1961. ]. So for example institute of sale and purchase in the Republic of Uzbekistan has defined for itself a subject according to an article 84 of the Civil Code of Republic of Uzbekistan, as movable things alienated by agreement of sale and purchase. But in relation to the ground areas the free sale is not admitted there is withdrawal, which renders influence both on separately taken institute and on practice civil - legal relations and agreements.

In result the turn-over of ground areas accepts the specific forms, that can be reflected in practice of the conclusion of appropriate civil - legal agreements.

Within the framework of the thesis about a diligent competitiveness, one of key requests WTO is and remains of a diligent competitiveness. WTO is sometimes described as institute of "free trade", but it is not absolutely exact. The system allows the tariffs and, in the limited cases, other forms of protection. More point is that this system of the rules directed on open, diligent and undistorted competitiveness. In this connection rules on not of discrimination - most favored nation Treatment and National Mode - are developed for maintenance of the fair terms of trade. New Civil Code has absorbed this establishment - article 1177 - National mode of activity of the foreign legal persons in the Republic of Uzbekistan speaks that the foreign legal persons carry out in the Republic of Uzbekistan enterprise and other activity adjusted by civil procedure law, if other is not stipulated by the law of a Republic of Uzbekistan.

Other Agreement of WTO - the rules about dumping and grants have the same purpose - establishment of a diligent competitiveness. Actually complex questions and the rules of WTO try to define that occurs fairly or unfairly, what answer can have governments, in particular by taxation of the additional import duties designed for indemnification of damage, caused by unfair trade. It is necessary to note the rules of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan from December 27, 1996 355- 1 " About a competitiveness and restriction of monopoly activity in the documentary markets ".

In particular in article 3 of the Law the concept of price discrimination - is given when the supplier with other things being equal sells production to the certain buyer to the higher or lower price, an article 6 of the Law recognize as the void agreement of the managing subjects directed on prohibition of an establishment of free market prices, is artificial causing their growth or fall.

Will and the realization of conditions of a honor competitiveness directly in civil - legal agreement is direct, the exception of dishonest conditions is reflected in article 5 of the Law, where it is spoken, that inclusion in the agreement conditions of non discrimination, which put the contractor in a unequal rule in comparison with other managing subjects - is recognized as abusing.

ђ Itself attention one of central establishments WTO is an Encouragement of development and economic reforming. The economists and commercial experts widely have recognized, that the system WTO contributes to development of the trade relations between the state-participants.

As is recognized, that the least advanced countries require time, during which they should execute conditions of the agreements. The new agreements have inherited old rules GATT, which allow to render the special help to developing countries and to granite them trade concessions.

More than 75 % of the members of WTO is developing countries and countries with transitive period of economy. During seven and a half of years of Uruguayan negotiations, more than 60 of these countries independently have carried out the programs on liberalization. The liberalization and free trade - standard of the high-grade market - is a priority direction of development of economy of the Republic of Uzbekistan and was higher is already told about a role civil legal agreement in conditions of market economy. But nevertheless it is necessary to note the following - in republic for a short time the legislative skeleton is created which in a sufficient measure reflects the tendencies of development of the market -relations. And in the law on the enterprises and in the law on business as the main legal act of regulation of the relations in various spheres business activity the agreement is considered. For example, p. 2 articles 29 of the Law " About the enterprises " state: " The Enterprises make works and sells production, renders service for state needs on a contractual basis ". Item 1 article 21 of the same Law asserts, that the of the enterprise with other enterprises, organizations and citizens in all spheres of economic activity are under construction on the basis of the agreements. Now in Republic of Uzbekistan the norms devoted the relations are contained which at all could not arise or did not represent for legislator the important significance in the past:

    · The rent and chronic contents with dependence;
    · Sale and lease of the enterprises;
    · The bargain with the real estate;
    · The financial lease;
    · The contract on design and prospecting works;

· The contract on research, is skilled - design also technological works; · Accounts by the payment orders, checks under the letter of credit on collection;

    · Confidential management of property;
    · The complex enterprise license etc.

· One word conducts work on formation of legislative base of Republic, which reflected reality of a liberal trade policy, i. e. the policies allowing to have unlimited flow of the goods, unlimited a flows, increasing compensation, which will be received from production of best production in the best form and to the best price.

    V
    The conclusion.

Speaking about particular effect of norms of World trade organization on development of system of the civil-law agreement in a Republic of Uzbekistan, especially in light of the introduction in WTO, it is necessary to cancel the following. The business that the civil-law agreement of a Republic of Uzbekistan, as a permanent asset ensuring functioning of the economic relations only develops trying to incorporate all reality of market economy, the World Trade Organization is one of most perspective and important realities of this economy, and as a whole of world trade system.

The speech goes about perception of norms of the international law by the national legislation as a whole and system of the civil-law agreement in particular, and in a context of the introduction in WTO about a number of specific requests, which as a matter of fact are called to expand and to introduce on qualitative a new level evolution of system civil of the legal relations of a Republic of Uzbekistan. These requests in turn proceed from the set forth above main principles of trade system. In main all this is reduced to the following questions: - freedom of a competitiveness; - unification of the standards; - unification of the forms, types of the agreements; - contents and fulfillment of the agreements; - freedom of the agreement; - transparency of the legislation (transparency of the internal laws, decrees and practice); cancellation of state management and dictatorship in economic sphere shown in licensing, quoting and other restrictive receptions ; reduction of a public contract etc. Spectrum of questions and problems with the introduction of Republic in WTO in this connection will be in particular formed. Certainly, the base legislation for high-grade functioning and maintenance of a legal mode in conditions of the market - same Civil Code is developed, where the conventional principles, situation about the agreement, about freedom of the agreement of an article 354 Civil Code, about free agreement of an article 355 Civil Code, about action of the agreement of an article 357 Civil Code, about the conclusion of the agreement chapter 27 Civil Code, and т are fixed main. Together with it has a place essential expansion of legal base of the agreement at the expense of the laws, accepted for the last years, which with allowance for of their character can be divided into two categories: on the laws creating the material precondition of the agreement (" About the property ", Law " About privatization in Republic of Uzbekistan " and etc. ). , And on the laws ensuring introduction of the agreement in trade and economic practice (the Law About banks and banking in Republic of Uzbekistan , "About cooperation in Republic of Uzbekistan", "About foreign trade activities in Republic of Uzbekistan ", "About the foreign investments in Republic of Uzbekistan ", etc. ). Despite of essential legislative work, the questions directly included in an outlook of requests WTO - for example in a part of fulfillment of the agreement both its realization and national customs regulation take place, where as a main party of regulation the policy of restriction and quoting is applied. Essence of the agreement as civil legal act is challenged as well on the basis of voluntary will of the parties in connection with a public contract and its volumes, especially in conditions of the market relations, where its application grows out of conscious fulfillment of value forms of the relations, where the sharing in the contractual relations is direct of the proprietor of property. The transfer of the property and change of the proprietors, gives these -(relations) genuinely money-goods character, and the infringement of this condition especially does not meet to standard submissions about principles of free trade and role of the agreement in them in particular. As a whole, the prospect of the introduction in World Trade Organization bears in itself a number of potential changes first of all of economic number. The realization of these perspective relations requires work with existing civil-law base.

    THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. KarimovI. A. " Uzbekistan - own model of transition on the market relations. " Tashkent. Uzbekistan, 1993.

2. Karimov I. A. " Uzbekistan on the threshold21 centuries: threats to safety, condition of the warranty of progress. " Tashkent. Uzbekistan, 1997.

3. Final Act of a Uruguayan Round of negotiations GATT 1994. 4. Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

5. Decree of a Cabinet of the Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 137 from 31. 03. 98. " About additional measures on liberalization of foreign trade activity in a Republic of Uzbekistan. "

6. Decree of the President of a Republic of Uzbekistan № - 1130 from 18. 02. 98. " About additional measures on ordering import operations. "

7. Decree of a Study of the Ministers of a Republic of Uzbekistan № 534 from 3. 12. 97. " About measures on realization of an independent expert appraisal of the contracts of shipping inspection of the imported goods. " 8. Decree of the President of a Republic of Uzbekistan from 26. 08. 97. № - 1831 " About additional measures on stimulation of export of production made by the enterprises by the foreign investments. "

9. Decree of the President of a Republic of Uzbekistan № - 1702 from 31. 01. 97. " About additional measures on stimulation of small and average business. " 10. Decree of the President № - 1467 from 31. 05. 96. " About additional measures on stimulation of creation and activity of the enterprises with the foreign investments. "

11. The rules about the order of quoting the licensing of export and import of the goods (works and services) on territory of a Republic of Uzbekistan. 12. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 398- 1 from 24. 04. 97. " About natural monopolies. "

13. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 355 - 1 from 27. 12. 96. " About a competitiveness and restriction of the monopoly activity in the documentary markets. "

14. IoffeО. , Musin В. А. " Bases of roman civil law. ". , Publishing House of Leningrad University. , 1974.

15. М. I. Bruginsky, V. V. Vitryansky "Conventional Law". , Moscow. , 1997. 16. M. H. Rukhmankulov " the Agreement - occurrence and discharge of the obligation ". , Tashkent. , "Fan". , The Academy of sciences of a Republic of Uzbekistan 1994. 17. M. H. Rukhmankulov " The Role and essence civil - law agreement in conditions of market economy ". Tashkent. , "Fan". , The Academy of sciences of a Republic of Uzbekistan 1994. 18. Е. А. Farnsvort " The conventional Law in USA and USSR. ", publishing house "Science", Moscow 1988.

19. G. Lusk " The Civil Law of USA ". ,Moscow. , "The Foreign literature ". , 1961. 20. Uniform Trade Code of USA - Uniform Commercial Code - The American Law Institute.

21. M. M. Boguslavsky " Private International Law ". , Moscow. , International relations 1994.

22. Law on the unfair terms and conditions of contract - Unfair Contract Terms Act - 1977.

" Evolution of the conventional law ". , Tashkent. 1998. , High Economic Court, German Company on Technical Cooperation, Centre of Legal Bases of the world market UWED.

    ПЛАН
    Введение 2

Понятие гражданско-правового договора по законодательству РУз и зарубежных стран. 7

    Правовые механизмы регулирования соглашений в ВТО 25

Обзор гражданско-правового законодательства, договоров в Республике Узбекистан в контексте вступления во Всемирную Торговую Организацию. 41 Заключение. 50

    Введение

Переход от административно-командной экономики к демократическим формам управления в хозяйственной сфере ставит во главу угла необходимость формирования адекватной рынку системы правового регулирования экономических отношений.

"Создание законодательного каркаса социально ориентированной рыночной экономики - это не только обязательное условие переходного периода, но и характерная черта становления правового государства", - отметил И. А. Каримов. [10 И. А. Каримов “Узбекистан - собственная модель перехода на рыночные отношения”. Ташкент. 1993. ] Особое место в системе правовых средств, обеспечивающих функционирование экономических отношений будет отведено и уже занимает договор. Это особая, ключевая правовая форма рыночных отношений, позволяющая в полной мере реализовать существенные черты товарного производства: эквивалентность, возмездность "свобода волеизъявления во взимоотношениях участников этих отношений, имущественная и организованная самостоятельность сторон обязательства и т. д. ".

Договор в условиях рыночных отношений должен быть основным юридическим актом, обеспечивающим регулированные схемы поведения участников этих отношений. Такие отношения в не зависимости от сферы их возникновения (промышленность, сельское хозяйство, торговля, транспорт, и т. д. ), (передача вещи, выполнение работ, создание продукта творческой деятельности, оказание услуг и т. д. ) и действия в пространстве (внутригосударственные, межгосударственные) подлежат оформлению путем заключения договоров.

В своем переходе от административно-командной экономики к демократическим формам управления в хозяйственной сфере, сопряженном с вышеобозначенным фактором упрочнения договора, как одного из самых важных правовых средств, обеспечивающего функционирование новых экономических отношений и вхождением в систему мирового товарооборота и оборота услуг, Республика Узбекистан сталкивается с необходимостью расширения и обеспечения на более качественном уровне своего участия в этом товарообороте. Одним из столпов и законодателей мировой торговой системы является Всемирная Торговая Организация. Всемирная Торговая Организация (ВТО) является правовой и институциональной основой многосторонней торговой системы. [11Текст Соглашения Заключительного Акта Уругвайского раунда переговоров ГАТТ 1994, Марракеш, 15 апреля 1994 года. ]Она обеспечивает основные договорные обязательства, определяющие, как правительствам следует формулировать и претворять в жизнь внутренние законодательство и постановления, касающиеся торговли. И именно на этой платформе развиваются торговые отношения между странами, благодаря коллективному обсуждению, переговорам и урегулированию споров. ВТО была создана 1 января 1995 года. Правительства завершили переговоры в рамках Уругвайского раунда 15 декабря 1993 года, и выразили свою политическую поддержку результатам, подписав Заключительный акт на совещании в Марракеше, Марокко в апреле 1994 года. "Марракешская декларация" от 15 апреля 1994 года подтвердила, что результаты Уругвайского раунда "укрепят мировую экономику и приведут к расширению торговли, капиталовложений, заняттости и росту доходов во всем мире". ВТО является воплощением результатов Уругвайского раунда и преемником Генерального соглашения о тарифах и торговле (ГАТТ). Из 125 стран и территорий потенциальных членов организации 76 правительств стали членами ВТО в первый день. Около 50 других правительств находятся на различной стадии завершения своих внутренних процедур ратификации, а остальные страны ведут переговоры об условиях своего вступления.

ВТО не только может иметь потенциально большее количество членов, чем ГАТТ (128 к концу 1994 года), она также имеет более широкий охват с точки зрения торговой деятельности и торговой политики, к которым она применяется. ГАТТ применялась лишь к торговле коммерческими товарами, ВТО охватывает торговлю товарами, услугами и "торговлю идеями" или интеллектуальной собственностью. ВТО находится в Женеве, Швейцария. Ее основными функциями являются: регулирование и осуществление многосторонних торговых соглашений и торговых соглашений с ограниченным числом участников, которые вместе образуют ВТО; действие в качестве форума для многосторонних торговых переговоров; поиск путей урегулирования торговых споров;

    контроль за национальной торговой политикой;

сотрудничество с другими международными учреждениями, участвующими в формировании глобальной экономической политики.

Соглашения ВТО содержит 29 отдельных правовых текстов, охватывающих широкий спектр областей от сельского хозяйства до текстиля и одежды, и от услуг до государственных закупок, правил происхождения и интеллектуальной собственности. Это подкрепляется более чем 25 дополнительным заявлениями, решениями и договоренностями, принятыми на уровне министров, которые разъясняют обязанности и обязательства членов ВТО. Однако, ряд простых и основополагающих принципов проходит красной нитью через все эти документы, которые вместе образуют многостороннюю торговую систему. (Соглашения ВТО представляют собой длинные и комплексные соглашения). Итак, торговая система должна:

    - происходить без дискриминации;

- быть более свободной с процессом снижения барьеров посредством переговоров; - быть предсказуемой;

    - быть более конкурентной;

- должна быть более выгодной для менее (конкурентных) развитых стран. Актуальность настоящей темы продиктована возможной перспективой воздействия правовых основ ВТО на гражданско-правовые основы Республики Узбекистан их развитие и эволюцию. Работа основана на анализе существующих основ гражданско-правового договора в Республике Узбекистан, анализе мировой практики договора (контракта) в качестве максимально возможного образца с реально отработанными институтами и практикой договора, функционирующих в условиях развитой рыночной экономики и многосторонней торговой системы, анализа правовых механизмов регулирования соглашений в ВТО в качестве основного фактора воздействия на договор.

Таким образом, в условиях рыночной экономики влияние договора неизмеримо возрастает. Усиливается оно тем более в контексте отношений с ВТО.

    II

Понятие гражданско-правового договора по законодательству РУз и зарубежных стран.

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