|
Правовые аспекты создания зон свободных от ядерного оружия (english) - (диплом)p>1 International conventions in the field of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon.· · The international Convention on nuclear safety being the first legal document, directly concerning question of a safety of atomic power stations, was open for signing in Vienna on September 20, 1994. On the end of a 1994 she(it) was signed by(with) 54 states. The convention will come into force after reception by a depositary - them(him, it) is МАГАТЭ - ратификационных of the letters from 22 states, from which 17 states should have, at least, on one acting atomic power station. The convention concerns ground civil atomic power stations and imposes on the state-participants, in particular(personally), obligation to create and to observe the appropriate laws and rules in the field of a safety. Equal on the importance the rule(situation) is also that concerning the nuclear objects of the state should apply main principles of safety and to take up the obligations to participate in regular“analytical”survey meetings, and also to represent the reports on fulfilment of the taken up obligations. · Alongside with the agreements on the warranties МАГАТЭ and other regional agencies, and also International convention on nuclear safety, there is one very important tool specially created for prevention of illegal switching of a nuclear material. The convention on physical protection of a nuclear material imposes on the state-participants of the obligation to accept proper measures for maintenance that, that during international carriage the nuclear material would be protected at the appropriate level. The state-participants also incur the obligations to not export and to not import a nuclear material, if not the warranty that is received, that such material properly will be protected at all stages of carriage. In case of occurrence during carriage of a nuclear material of a unregular situation the state-participants of the Convention are obliged to inform one another about происшедшем to promote returning of such material. The convention calls to accept the appropriate steps, so that the actions directed on failure of similar carriages on the national legislation, would become a punishable offence. By a depositary of the Convention, which was signed on March 3, 1980 and has come into force in a 1987, is the General director МАГАТЭ. · The rules(situation) ДНЯО (item 2 of article III) oblige the state-participants to not grantive the equipment for preparation, use or production of a splitted material, if the country - recepient has not accepted the warranty МАГАТЭ. A question thereby was lifted on to what technologies the restrictions should be distributed according to definition(determination) in the given article“of the equipment or materials specially developed or prepared for processing, use or production of special splitted materials”. In a 1971 the group of the states - participants ДНЯО created Committee Цангера, which has made attempt to come to the consent on a question on uniform interpretation of the terms“the equipment and materials specially developed or prepared for processing, use or production of special splitted materials”. The committee Цангера treated article III (2) as requiring(demanding) from countries - exporters to supply(ensure), that the importer established the warranties of safety for the certain materials have the attitude(relation) to production of a nuclear energy or to research laboratories. The committee carries out information interchange between the members about the appropriate export licenses, which were given, and about those, in which issue was отказано. The committee informs МАГАТЭ on the activity. · Group of the suppliers of nuclear materials (“ London club ”). In a 1975 one more attempt for protection of nuclear materials against possible(probable) use not in the peace purposes was undertaken. Informal group of the states - suppliers of nuclear materials, which meetings passed with 1975 for a 1977 in London and which has become known as later Group of the suppliers of nuclear materials, has produced the list of export materials, equipment and technologies, which delivery required(demanded) of the recepients of creation of due protection and obligations to not use them differently, as in the peace purposes. Known as London rules for the bargains with nuclear materials, this agreed list and the conditions of application of the given rules were accepted in a 1977 and are reconsidered in a 1993. Finishing meeting in Poland in April, 1992, the Group of the suppliers of nuclear materials has approved of the additional measures which have expanded a spectrum of the existing rules. The group formally has made the list of the equipment, materials and appropriate technologies of double use - named subsequently by Warsaw rules, which transfer its(her) members should limit under the national export legislation. They also have agreed to export such goods only to the states being the participants ДНЯО or which have agreed with the universal rules safety МАГАТЭ. Besides the advisory forum for consideration of the requests on reception of the export licenses was formed(educated). · In the beginning of 50-th years was found out, that it was easier to the states - importers of nuclear materials and equipment to agree on the control behind their unmilitary use on the part of the employee foreign державы. The realization of control functions in the field of safety, or warranties, was delegated to International agency on an atomic energy (МАГАТЭ), based in a 1957 as organizational centre of the Program Эйзенхауэра " Atom for the world ". МАГАТЭ is now most значимой in the world intergovernmental nuclear organization numbering 122 state-participants. · The charter of agency was accepted on October 26, 1956 at an international conference in New York and has come into force after ratification it(him) by 18 state-participants on July 29, 1957. The charter МАГАТЭ - the international agreement of the sovereign states made irrespective of their membership in ООН and other обязательств. * At the same Time on agreement МАГАТЭ and ООН from November 14, 1957 AGENCY has taken a rule(situation), in many respects similar to a rule(situation) of the specialized establishments ООН. · According to the Charter the purposes МАГАТЭ are: to aspire to achievement of faster and wide use of an atomic energy for maintenance of the world; to promote peace use of a nuclear energy; to help to protect from switching civil nuclear materials in area of military application; to promote and to develop that the nuclear power for maintenance of the world, health and well-being can give. · In the performance of the mandate МАГАТЭ has developed the warranties so that the material would not be switched from use in the peace purposes to creation of the nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive systems(devices). All warranties МАГАТЭ require(demand) of the appropriate state of submission in МАГАТЭ for the analysis: · The design documentation concerning his(its) nuclear objects, as already being available, and planned; · The correct and complete information concerning a nuclear material, falling under the warranty; · The special reports for want of occurrence of unusual events or unregular situations provided by the agreement on the warranties. Extremely important the rule(situation) is that the states which have concluded the universal agreement on the warranties, should create national organization adequate(answering) for the account(record-keeping) of nuclear materials and the control for their use. On the chiefs of objects it imposes the responsibility through the appropriate bodies of the state to represent the reports according to requests МАГАТЭ. It furthermore(in addition to) promoted development of the national legislation in a part concerning a nuclear material and his(its) account(record-keeping). One more moment peculiar to all system of the warranties МАГАТЭ, is the request of granting to the official representatives(representative) of Agency of access on objects for realization of inspections. The political purposes of the warranties on ДНЯО consist in supplying(ensuring) to world(global) community reliance that the state-participant of the Agreement observes the obligations, taken per, on peace use of a nuclear energy and недопущению by means of threat of early detection of switching from the peace purposes or use not as required of nuclear material or objects. The technical purposes of the warranties МАГАТЭ in connection with ДНЯО is the maintenance of ability of Agency in time to find out switching by the state of a nuclear material from the peace purposes, and also maintenance that, that all nuclear material falling under the warranties in the particular(specific) state, would be stated МАГАТЭ. The warranties are one of the forms international транспарентности of nuclear activity and serve to a deepening of trust, that is reached(achieved) by means of checks. The initial system of the warranties developed МАГАТЭ, was stated in the document, which was twice supplemented also which is known as INFCIRC/66/Rev. 2. As was decided(solved) for want of to development, the document should adjust activity of separate factories, that could make only one of parts of production of materials, suitable to use for creation of the nuclear weapon. As against him(it), the developed agreement on the warranties in connection with ДНЯО is genuinely universal and covers all топливно-nuclear cycle of the states which are not having the nuclear weapon, concerning which it acts. Known as the document МАГАТЭ INFCIRC/153, it grows out of joint efforts 45 states participating in preparation of the Agreement on the warranties. 199 agreements on the warranties МАГАТЭ with 118 states covering 800 objects as of today act in general. Among them 102 agreements on the universal warranties in connection with ДНЯО. Thus, МАГАТЭ plays the important role in realization in life of a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. · 1 Other international organizations as the warranty of observance of a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. · Besides МАГАТЭ, in Western Europe the similar authorities under the control in the field of safety were received by(with) European community on an atomic energy (ЕВРАТОМ) according to chapter of VII Roman agreements from March 25, 1957 which has entered by virtue of with January 1, 1958. МАГАТЭ with ЕВРАТОМ agreements 5 of April, 1973 on delimitation of authorities for want of realization of the warranties on territory of non-nuclear countries which are included in European community have reached(achieved). For want of it МАГАТЭ receives from ЕВРАТОМ of the item of information on movement(traffic) of nuclear materials in these countries, does(makes) conclusions of this information and saves the right to carry out own supervision and counts in sphere of nuclear activity in the EC. April 28, 1992 between МАГАТЭ and EC the new approach " to application of the warranties was agreed " which has strengthened a role ЕВРАТОМа and has lowered the control МАГАТЭ. · Since February 1 1958 till October 14, 1976 of authority under the control in the field of safety had European agency on a nuclear energy created within the framework of Organization of European economic complementation. Since a 1972 it is referred to as Agency on a nuclear energy of Organization of economic complementation and development (АЯЭОЭСР). The authorities under article 6 of the Status АЯЭОЭСР were suspended with the purpose to avoid duplication of the warranties МАГАТЭ and ЕВРАТОМа. · ВСМ - international movement(traffic) for the world, which unites the widest layers of the population of globe. ВСМ was created on II World congress of the supporters of the world in a 1950. · ВСМ the prevention of new world(global) war, for strenghtening of friendship and cooperation between the peoples acts by the initiator and organizer of military mass measures in protection of the world, against race of nuclear arms, for general and complete disarmament, ; directs and coordinates the activity with activity of other peaceful international organizations. · Especially it is necessary to emphasize active activity ВСМ in business of creation " of zones of the world ", i. e. zones free from nuclear and other weapon. · The international conference for disarmament and world - main activity of a conference is co-ordination of activity of national organizations and movements(traffic) acting in protection of the world and for disarmament, creation безъядерных and демилитаризованных of zones, for the peace decision of all international disputes. · So, considering activity of international organizations, it becomes clear, that the concern in connection with distribution in the world of nuclear and other weapon of a mass defeat is very great. In the world form ever more and more organizations, which purpose is the preservation of the international world and safety, termination(discontinuance) of race of arms, expansion of cooperation and mutual understanding in the world. · Международно-legal ASPECTS of CREATION БЕЗЪЯДЕРНОЙ of a ZONE In CENTRAL Asia. · · The presidents центральноазиатских of republics - Ислам Каримов, Нурсултан Назарбаев, Аскар Акаев, Сапармурад Ниязов and Имомали Рахмонов - at the meeting in Tashkent from January 11, 1993 have created a basis for the new regional commonwealth which has received the name CENTRAL Asia. · Thus, on political cards of the world and Asia, in the political and encyclopaedic dictionaries, political, economic and scientific literature, mass media there was a new term: commonwealth, region of Central Asia in structure of five sovereign independent states - Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadjikistan, Туркменистана. They are connected by(with) general(common) хозяйственно-economic and cooperative communications(connections), historical processes, borders, customs, tradition, culture, language, religion, complex(difficult) ecological problems. · The commonwealth of the states of Central Asia should promote the decision of such main interconnected and general(common) regional questions and problems, as fast and painless overcoming of economic barriers, adjustment of mutually advantageous integration, raising on qualitative a new level of traditional friendly communications(connections) and mutually advantageous cooperation, improvement of ecological conditions in areas of the Aral and Caspian seas, strenghtening of the regional world and safety, non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. · The safety, stability and geopolitical balance in region makes the main contents of external policy(politics) of Uzbekistan since the first days of independence. · This one of major conditions of dynamical and stable development of country. Continu. in region by decades the armed conflicts kept the centers этнической of intensity do(make) this problem especially urgent. · Uzbekistan entirely supports a principle of indivisibility and взаимосвязанности of safety - internal, regional, global. By one of first among the new independent states our country has joined the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. And in September, 1993 from a tribune of 48-th session of General Assembly ООН the President Ислам Каримов for the first time has acted with the initiative about creation in Central Asia of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon. The initiative of the President of Uzbekistan has received positive valuations of international community. And February 28, 1997 of the chapter to five центральноазиатских of the states at a meeting in Алматы, by signing Алматинскую the declaration, unanimously have supported idea of creation of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon. From this moment the offer of Uzbekistan carries character of the regional initiative expressing collective will of five states, all living here peoples. · Analyzing all legal preconditions of formation(training) of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon in Central Asia, it is necessary to note, that all states of this zone are the active members ООН, Which charter has fixed a principle of disarmament as the conventional norm of the international law requiring(demanding) strictly and steadily to observe the acting norms about disarmament and to achieve creation of new norms, conclusion of the new agreements directed on disarmament. · The major precondition of formation(training) of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon in Central Asia, is the sharing(participation) of the states of this region in the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon from a 1968. All these states ratified ДНЯО and by that have taken up the obligations to not make or other image to not acquire the nuclear weapon, that is the major basis facilitating efforts on realization of idea безъядерной of Central Asia. Also positive factor for want of creation of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon in Central Asia, is that the states of a prospective zone have signed the Final Sertificate(act) ОБСЕ, in which the main principles of the international law, such as a principle of peace coexistence of the states, principle of disarmament etc. are fixed · The president РУ И. А. Каримов acting on 48-th session of General Assembly ООН has noted, that " Uzbekistan, making a basis of Central Asia, is firm and is consecutive acts for a safety and stability in all regions, and first of all in Central Asia, as a feature of this region and his(its) geopolitical rule(situation) are those, that for want of negative development of events it(he) can become one of large детонаторов of instability all over the world. It is enough to tell, that the person relating to various этническим and religious groups lives about 60 millions at Central Asia, that here are saved nuclear and usual arms of large destructive force. It is quite natural, that the collisions in this region are capable to cause accidents of unpredictable scales ". * · It would be wrong to doubt that the peaceful disposition is a priority of external policy(politics) of Uzbekistan. On international arena the representatives(representative) of our republic act for strenghtening of the world and safety, for the sanction disputable, territorial, этнических, armed and other conflicts by a peace way. · The words И. А. Каримова extraordinary precisely define(determine) an item of a Republic of Uzbekistan concerning the nuclear weapon: " On territory of Uzbekistan never was and there is no ракетно-nuclear weapon, therefore republic is going and henceforth to remain безъядерной a zone. Our state will not enter agressive blocks and unions. At the same time safety of Republic will be provided and as a result creations of special zones and conclusions of the appropriate collective agreements ". · On 48 sessions of General Assembly ООН the President И. А. Каримов has put forward a number of the initiatives directed on maintenance of the world and safety as in Central Asia, and all over the world. So, Uzbekistan would welcome convocation in Tashkent of a constantly acting seminar ООН on safety, stability and cooperation in Central Asia, on which the interested parties within the framework of policy(politics) of general(common) safety in the world and according to ст. 52 of the Charter ООН could discuss opportunities of creation of reliable system of safety in our region, in particular(personally), acceptance of the collective sanctions of diplomatic, financial, ecological and other character against those, who wishes to infringe the world and integrity of borders, and to produce the recommendations for ООН on an establishment of stability and strong world in Central Asia. · The attitude(relation) РУ to the nuclear weapon also is reflected and in the military doctrine РУ. In particular(personally), in item 1 of this doctrine it is marked, that Uzbekistan adheres безъядерных of principles (to not place to not make and to not acquire the nuclear weapon), the connection РУ to the Convention on prohibition of the chemical weapon and negotiations on a problem of prohibition of the bacteriological weapon, consecutive reduction before complete liquidation of military bases on territories of other states and accommodation войск acts for general prohibition of tests and in the end for complete liquidation of the nuclear weapon, for universal liquidation chemical, bacteriological and other kinds of the weapon of a mass defeat, within the limits of national borders. · On my sight the item of Kazakhstan on non-distribution of the nuclear weapon is dominant in Central Asia, which is major Precondition for want of creation безъядерной of a zone, as this unique state in region, which possesses the nuclear weapon. · Kazakhstan by one of the first states in a CIS has joined to ДНЯО, but with the certain clauses, as the rules(situation) of the agreement do not cover to the full unique situation which has been usual after disintegration of the nuclear state - USSR. The feature consists that after disintegration great державы and declaration of intention to become безъядерным the state, Kazakhstan has encountered absence of definition(determination) of the status (nuclear or безъядерного) according to a rule(situation) ДНЯО. Kazakhstan actually has become the receiver of the nuclear weapon, дислоцированного on his(its) territory. The country is the proprietor of this weapon, but that the control behind it to it(her) never belonged, she(it) cannot be considered as the nuclear state in the pure state. This contradiction was removed by the accepted Supreme Body of Kazakhstan by the Law " About connection to ДНЯО ". The law was accepted on the basis of the application of the supreme Body of Kazakhstan " About безъядерном the status of Kazakhstan ", Decree of the supreme Body of Kazakhstan " About additional measures concerning maintenance of purchase by Kazakhstan безъядерного of the status ", Decree ВС of Kazakhstan " About ratification of the agreement between USSR both USA about reduction and restriction strategic наступательных of arms ", signed in Moscow in a 1991. Thus Kazakhstan has joined to ДНЯО as non-nuclear country. · The connection of Kazakhstan to ДНЯО confirms his(its) reputation as reliable international partner. This step testifies to loyalty of the state to business of nuclear disarmament, strenghtening of global safety and stability. These actions should help to development широкомасштабного of cooperation of Kazakhstan to all countries of the world and appropriate international organizations in the field of peace use of an atomic energy and space space. · The peaceful external policy(politics) of Kazakhstan is confirmed also by that the president Назарбаев, acting on 47-th session of General Assembly ООН has put forward the initiative about creation of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon in Central Asia, once again involving(attracting) attention of world(global) community to a problem of the prospective zone, connected to creation. · The main principle безъядерной of a zone is its(her) complete nuclear демилитаризация. In this connection it is necessary to note, that on territory of Kazakhstan on May 26, 1995 the last nuclear charge was destroyed. And according to the official application Н. Назарбаева - " it there was a last nuclear explosion on territory of Kazakhstan ". · With the purposes of development(manufacture) of the mechanism of creation безъядерной of a zone in Центральноазиатском region in Tashkent in September, 1997 the conference on the subject of " Central Asia - zone, free from the nuclear weapon " has passed. During work of this conference the aspects of transformation of Central Asia in безъядерную a zone as the important step in creation of reliable system of international and regional safety were discussed. · On ceremony of opening of a conference the president of our country И. Каримов in the performance(statement) especially has emphasized, that the idea of transformation of Central Asia in a zone, free from the nuclear weapon, completely coincides with measures, realized on maintenance regional безопасности. * · The reports, heard at this conferences, stated of opinion and the offer have the important significance for the further development of international cooperation in prevention of distribution of the weapon of a mass defeat. · It is necessary to note, that the representatives(representative) completely have supported 56 countries and about 16 international organizations participating in work of a conference, idea of transformation of Central Asia in безъядерную a zone. In particular(personally), the representatives(representative) of Kyrgyzstan have introduced the offer on realization in Bishkek of a meeting of group of the international experts on this question including of representatives(representative) " of Nuclear club ". This initiative was maintained by the participants of a conference. At this conference with final speech the Minister of foreign businesses of Uzbekistan А. Камилов also has acted, where was marked, that the government РУ is ready to expand cooperation to all states - participants of this forum in achievement of the scheduled purposes on regional safety and distribution of the nuclear weapon. · On my sight, taking into account experience of creation безъядерных of zones, it is necessary voluntary волеизъявление of the states Центральноазиатского of region in support of creation of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon. For want of it it is necessary also волеизъявление so-called " great by keeping " members of Advice(council) of Safety ООН and countries having the nuclear weapon. It is necessary to emphasize, that also it is necessary to conclude the appropriate agreements with countries, граничащими with considered region on strict observance of a mode of the agreement both conventional norms and principles of the international law. · With the purposes of attraction of attention of a world(global) public and effective decision of problems of creation безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia the performance(statement) of the presidents of the states of region with the Declaration on the announcement of Central Asia безъядерной by a zone would be expedient. The declaration would proclaim aspiration to relieve countries of region of tragical consequences, in which the nuclear war would result and would express hopes, that the conclusion regional центральноазиатского of the agreement will promote acceptance of the agreement on this question in global scale. In the document also it is necessary to explain intentions of the contract. parties to conclude the universal agreement in frameworks Центральноазиатского of region containing the obligations to not make to not receive to not store(keep) and to not test the nuclear weapon, and also means and technology of his(its) production. It is important затронуть a question on the obligation nuclear by keeping to respect безъядерный the status of a prospective zone. Such declaration will give a powerful pulse to международно-legal registration безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia. · The following step for want of creation безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia removal on discussion ГА ООН by the states of the given region of the project of the resolution, in which the given declaration would be accepted to the item of information of all world(global) community and the rules(situation) on study by countries Центральноазиатского of region of measures contained rather which are necessary to agree for realization of the purposes of the declaration. In the document also it is necessary to indicate importance of rendering by all states, including nuclear державами, complete assistance to effective realization of the peace purposes of the declaration. · The conclusion of the international agreement, on my sight, would become the most optimum method of registration of the status безъядерной of a zone, logic result on transformation of Central Asia into a zone, free from the nuclear weapon. The main purpose of the given agreement will consist in prohibition in any form of presence of the nuclear weapon in Central Asia. · The agreement should contain the obligations of the states - participants, which include the following: · Prohibition on the territory of tests of the nuclear weapon; · Use of nuclear technologies in the military purposes; · Storage, accommodation and transit of the nuclear weapon; · The efficiency of the status безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia depends and from волеизъявления nuclear by keeping. In these purposes, in addition to this agreement, it is necessary to prepare two protocols, to first of which the countries, граничащие with Центральноазиатским by region and having the nuclear weapon de-jure and de-facto - Russia, China, Pakistan, India would join. The second protocol would contain the obligations of five countries - Russia, China, USA, Great Britain and France (members " of Nuclear club "), which at the same time are the permanent members СБ ООН - to observe the status безъядерной of a zone to not infringe and to not promote infringements. · These protocols would serve as the guarantor of the status безъядерной of a zone, as in them the responsibilities of countries having the nuclear weapon are stipulated to abstain from direct or indirect infringements of the status of a zone, and also to not apply термоядерное the weapon in relation to countries of considered region. · The agreement about безъядерной to a zone in Central Asia should provide its(her) physical borders in strict conformity with existing norms of the international law. The borders безъядерной of a zone should be precisely certain(precisely determined) with the consent of all prospective parties to an agreement. In the present moment the area of a prospective zone makes 3, 99 млн. Sq. km. · The status безъядерной of a zone of Central Asia should provide the precise monitoring system. The control concerns to number of those questions, which cause the sharpest disagreements between the negotiators on creation безъядерной of a zone. On my sight, optimal by variant the double monitoring system is: on the one hand - " Agency on prohibition of the nuclear weapon in Central Asia ", which can учредить the state-participants of the agreement; on the other hand - МАГАТЭ, with which the state-participants can conclude the universal agreement for application of system of the warranties of this organization, taking into account its(her) experience of activity in the field of peace use of a nuclear energy and non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. Within the framework of a procedure of the party grantive the semi-annual reports " to Agency on prohibition of the nuclear weapon in Central Asia " and МАГАТЭ. · In the research work I have tried to analyse historical and legal aspects of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, международно-legal sertificates(acts) and activity of international organizations under the decision of problems of non-distribution, and also some aspects of creation безъядерной of a zone in Центральноазиатском region. · All world(global) community with interest and understanding met the initiative of a Republic of Uzbekistan on creation in Central Asia of a zone, free from the nuclear weapon. In the performances(statements) on authoritative international forums the President of a Republic of Uzbekistan И. А. Каримов not of time mentioned a problem of a safety in our region, precisely and clearly by stating an item of our state, which is directed on liquidation of the nuclear weapon and other means of mass destruction. · On a considered problem in city Tashkent in September, 1997 the conference on the subject of“ Central Asia - zone, free from the nuclear weapon ”has passed, where the authoritative scientists and the policies(politics) from many of countries have stated the vision of a problem. There the complex of measures on practical realization of ideas of creation безъядерной of a zone in Центральноазиатском region was developed. Active sharing(participation) the conferences participated in work scientific - practical also representatives(representative) of countries of Central Asia. · Suming up the present research work and before to give any recommendations for strenghtening a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, I would like in brief to summarize main aspects touched by me in present work. · The problem of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon is one of the most sharpest problems of modernity(present). Start-up first nuclear реактора on December 2, 1942 and first test nuclear бомбы on July 16, 1945 have put a beginning to nuclear century. Chapter 1 of the given work is devoted to the historical preconditions of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, concept of non-distribution and consideration of the legal status безъядерных of zones, which play a large role in strenghtening a mode of non-distribution and maintenance of global safety. · For today безъядерные of a zone are created or the creations in Latin America, southern part of Silent ocean, SOUTHEAST Asia are in process. Besides is present the offers on creation безъядерной of a zone in Southern Asia and on a Korean peninsula. At last, recently Uzbekistan put forward idea of creation free from the nuclear weapon of a zone in Central Asia. · Further in the research work I considered the международно-legal sertificates(acts) and activity of international organizations under the decision of problems of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. In 60-70-е of a year the danger расползания of military nuclear technologies has increased. The number of the states technically capable to create nuclear бомбу grew. All this required(demanded) radical change of policy(politics) nuclear by keeping, creation of an effective mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon in the world. After long negotiations on July 1, 1968 the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon was open for signing which takes a central place in a mode of non-distribution. After the introduction of the Agreement by virtue of in a 1970 the system of the warranties МАГАТЭ was developed полномасштабная, began work Committee of the nuclear exporters -“ Committee Цангера ”. · In chapter 3 the международно-legal aspects of creation безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia are considered, that is a priority direction in peace external policy(politics) of a Republic of Uzbekistan and the particular(specific) offers on realization of this concept are given. · The conclusion of the international agreement, on my sight would become the most optimum method of registration of the status безъядерной of a zone, which main purpose will consist in prohibition in any form of presence of the nuclear weapon in Central Asia. By announcing Центральноазиатский the region безъядерной by a zone will be made one more step in business of strenghtening of international safety and mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon, cooperation and good neighbourhood, by giving thereby chance to the future generations for prosperity and peace coexistence. · Thus, to the present moment the certain positive results on strenghtening a mode of non-distribution of the nuclear weapon in the world are achieved: five have joined all the Agreement for non-distribution nuclear by keeping and more 170 non-nuclear by keeping the world, including Uzbekistan in a 1992. After безъядерными by zones in Latin America and in a southern part of Silent ocean have appeared безъядерные of a zone in Africa and in SOUTHEAST Asia, the Republic of Uzbekistan put forward the initiative about creation безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia. · At the same time the achieved results cannot be an occassion for благодушия and curtailing of efforts on strenghtening a mode of non-distribution. On horizon the opportunities are not looked through yet to turn nuclear distributions вспять in Near East and in Southern Asia. Israel, India and Pakistan flatly refuse to join the Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon and to stop escalating nuclear potential, being available in their order. A main question how to prevent threat of their official announcement by the nuclear states. Remains up to the end not clear, as far there will be Northern Korea in business of liquidation of the saved opportunities in nuclear sphere. · . Каримов И. А. “Uzbekistan on a threshold XXI centuries. Threats to safety, condition and warranty of progress”. Tashkent, Publishing House “Узбекистон”, 1997... Performance(statement) of the President РУ И. А. Каримова on 48-session of General Assembly ООН. Tashkent, Publishing House“Узбекистон”, 1993... Report of the President РУ И. А. Каримова on the first session Олий Мажлиса РУ on February 23, 1995. A national word on February 24, 1995... Speech of the President РУ И. А. Каримова at an international conference “ Central Asia - zone, free from the nuclear weapon ”. Tashkent on September 15, 1997... Agreement for non-distribution of the nuclear weapon. The information circular МАГАТЭ. . Textbook of the international Law. Moscow, Publishing House “ the International attitudes(relations) ”, 1995... Dictionary of the international Law, Moscow, Publishing House “ the International attitudes(relations) ”, 1982... Хакимов Р. Т. , Саидов А. Х. “ A Legal basis of creation безъядерной of a zone in Central Asia ”. Tashkent 1996... Гари Т. Гарднер. “ Nuclear non-distribution ”. Moscow. МИФИ, 1995... Бутрос Бутрос-Гали. “ ООН and non-distribution of the nuclear weapon ”. Publishing house “ the Book Интернэшнл ”. Moscow 1995... Бутрос Бутрос-Гали. “ Towards To new calls ”. ООН New York, 1995... Ходоков С. А. “ A Legal basis безъядерной of a zone in Latin America ”. Nizhni Novgorod 1994... Котюв М. В. “ For безъядерный the world ”. Leningrad 1992... “ Милитаризм and disarmament ”. The directory. Moscow 1984... Questions of disarmament № 66. “ To prohibition of tests of the nuclear weapon ”... Journal “ the Nuclear control ” № 32-33, August - September, 1997... Journal “ USA: economy, policy(politics), ideology ” № 1 1997 years... Journal “ International life ” № 10 1981 years. |
|
